Stage I Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
Stage II Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
Stage III Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
Stage IV Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer

A link to a list of current clinical trials is included for each treatment section. For some types or stages of cancer, there may not be any trials listed. Check with your doctor for clinical trials that are not listed here but may be right for you.

Treatment of stage I paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity:

• If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.
• If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment is usually radiation therapy and/or surgery.
• If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment ¹ for more information.)
• If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment is usually surgery and/or radiation therapy.
• If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment is usually surgery or radiation therapy.
• For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.
• For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
• For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.

Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with stage I paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer ². For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site ³.

Treatment of stage II paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity:

• If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment is usually high-dose radiation therapy before or after surgery.
• If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment is usually radiation therapy and/or surgery.
• If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment ¹ for more information.)
• If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment is usually surgery and/or radiation therapy.
• If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment is usually surgery or radiation therapy.
• For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.
• For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
• For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.

Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with stage II paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer ⁴. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site ³.

Treatment of stage III paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.

If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment may include the following:

• High-dose radiation therapy before or after surgery.
• A clinical trial of fractionated radiation therapy before or after surgery.

If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery followed by radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.

If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment ¹ for more information.)

If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery and/or radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.

For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.

For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery.
• Radiation therapy.
• Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.

If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the following:

• External radiation therapy and/or internal radiation therapy with or without surgery.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.

Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with stage III paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer ⁵. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site ³.

Treatment of stage IV paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.

If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment may include the following:

• High-dose radiation therapy with or without surgery.
• A clinical trial of fractionated radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment may include the following:

• Radiation therapy before or after surgery.
• Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment ¹ for more information.)

If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery and/or radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.

For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment may include the following:

• Surgery.
• Radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy.

For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.

If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the following:

• External radiation therapy and/or internal radiation therapy with or without surgery.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

Check for U.S. clinical trials from NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry that are now accepting patients with stage IV paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer ⁶. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site ³.

Glossary Terms

A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. Cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. There are several main types of cancer. Carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. Sarcoma is a cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and multiple myeloma are cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers are cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Also called malignancy.

A hollow area or hole. It may describe a body cavity (such as the space within the abdomen) or a hole in a tooth caused by decay.

Treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells.

A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. Also called clinical study.

Treatment using more than one anticancer drug.

A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). Ethmoid sinuses are found in the spongy ethmoid bone in the upper part of the nose between the eyes. They are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.

A type of radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer from outside of the body. Also called external-beam radiation therapy.

Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days.

An amount of radiation that is greater than that given in typical radiation therapy. High-dose radiation is precisely directed at the tumor to avoid damaging healthy tissue, and may kill more cancer cells in fewer treatments. Also called HDR.

A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation therapy, and radiation brachytherapy.

A type of tumor in which surface epithelial cells grow downward into the underlying supportive tissue. It may occur in the nose and/or sinuses or in the urinary tract (bladder, renal pelvis, ureter, urethra). When it occurs in the nose or sinuses, it may cause symptoms similar to those caused by sinusitis, such as nasal congestion. When it occurs in the urinary tract, it may cause blood in the urine.

A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). There are two large maxillary sinuses, one in each of the maxillary bones, which are in the cheek area next to the nose. The maxillary sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.

A form of cancer that begins in melanocytes (cells that make the pigment melanin). It may begin in a mole (skin melanoma), but can also begin in other pigmented tissues, such as in the eye or in the intestines.

By or having to do with the nose.

Cancer that forms in tissues of the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat behind the nose). Most nasopharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the nasopharynx).

One of many small hollow spaces in the bones around the nose. Paranasal sinuses are named after the bones that contain them: frontal (the lower forehead), maxillary (cheekbones), ethmoid (beside the upper nose), and sphenoid (behind the nose). The paranasal sinuses open into the nasal cavity (space inside the nose) and are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out during breathing.

Cancer that forms in tissues of the paranasal sinuses (small hollow spaces in the bones around the nose) or nasal cavity (the inside of the nose). The most common type of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in flat cells lining these tissues and cavities).

PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, complementary and alternative medicine, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information, and more specific information about PDQ, can be found on the NCI's Web site at http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq. Also called Physician Data Query.

The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. Also called irradiation and radiotherapy.

A cancer of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.

A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). There are two large sphenoid sinuses in the sphenoid bone, which is behind the nose between the eyes. The sphenoid sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.

The extent of a cancer in the body. Staging is usually based on the size of the tumor, whether lymph nodes contain cancer, and whether the cancer has spread from the original site to other parts of the body.

A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. An operation.

Treatment.